Bacterial infections references
Bacterial infections references
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Evidence summary: Clostridium difficile infection: risk with broad-spectrum antibiotics. 2015. Accessed 10/04/2026.
www.nice.org.uk/advice/esmpb1/chapter/full-evidence-summary-medicines-and-prescribing-briefing - Palmer N. Antimicrobial Prescribing in Dentistry: Good Practice Guidelines. 3rd Edition. Faculty of General Dental Practice (UK) and Faculty of Dental Surgery. 2020. Accessed 10/04/2026.
https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/-/media/files/rcs/fds/publications/fds-amp-2020.pdf - Joint Formulary Committee. British National Formulary. Edn 91. London. BMJ Group and Pharmaceutical Press. 2026. Accessed 14/04/2026.
www.medicinescomplete.com - Brizuela M, Daley JO. Oral Facial Infection of Dental Origin: A Guide for the Medical Practitioner. StatPearls. 2026.
- Agnihotry A, Thompson W, Fedorowicz Z, van Zuuren EJ, Sprakel J. Antibiotic use for irreversible pulpitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. May 30 2019;5(5):Cd004969. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004969.pub5
- Cope AL, Francis N, Wood F, Thompson W, Chestnutt IG. Systemic antibiotics for symptomatic apical periodontitis and acute apical abscess in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. May 7 2024;5(5):Cd010136.doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010136.pub4
- Zanichelli V, Sharland M, Cappello B, et al. The WHO AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve) antibiotic book and prevention of antimicrobial resistance. World Health Organisation (WHO). Apr 1 2023;101(4):290–6. doi:10.2471/blt.22.288614
- Duncan EM, Goulao B, Clarkson J, Young L, Ramsay CR. 'You had to do something': prescribing antibiotics in Scotland during the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions and remobilisation. British Dental Journal. 2021/11/23 2021;doi:10.1038/s41415-021-3621-8
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infection Scotland (ARHAI). Scottish One Health Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance Report in 2024.ARHAI Scotland, Glasgow 2025 [Report] Accessed 10/04/2026.
https://www.nss.nhs.scot/publications/scottish-one-health-antimicrobial-use-and-antimicrobial-resistance-in-2024/ - Jevon P, Abdelrahman A, Pigadas N. Management of odontogenic infections and sepsis: an update. British Dental Journal. Sep 2020;229(6):363–370. doi:10.1038/s41415-020-2114-5
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Evidence summary: Sepsis. 2024.
https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/sepsis/ - Care Quality Commission (CQC). Dental mythbuster 25: Sepsis. 2024. Accessed 10/04/2026.
https://www.cqc.org.uk/guidance-providers/dentists/dental-mythbuster-25-sepsis - National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Guideline NG51: Suspected sepsis: recognition, diagnosis and early management. 2016 (updated 2024). Accessed 10/04/2026.
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng51 - Healthcare Improvement Scotland (HIS) and The Scottish Antimicrobial Prescribing Group (SAPG). Phenoxymethylpenicillin recommended first line when antibiotics are required for acute dento-alveolar infections. 2020. Accessed 10/04/2026.
https://www.sapg.scot/media/5473/statement-on-pen-v-in-dental-infections.pdf - Scottish Government. CDO Letter (2021)6 Scottish Antimicrobial Prescribing Group (SAPG) dental sub-group Recommendations. 2021. Accessed 10/04/2026.
https://www.scottishdental.nhs.scot/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/CDO-Letter_CDO20216_SAPG-D-Recommendations_21June2021.pdf - National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Clinical knowledge summary: Gingivitis and periodontitis: What are the risk factors? 2023. Accessed 10/04/2026.
https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/gingivitis-periodontitis/background-information/risk-factors/ - National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Guideline NG79: Sinusitis (acute): antimicrobial prescribing. 2017. Accessed 10/04/2026.
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng79